On June 16, 2015, the Federal Circuit, in affirming the invalidity of certain patent claims as indefinite under 35 U.S.C. § 112 ¶ 2, revised the law on construing means-plus-function claim limitations under 35 U.S.C. § 112 ¶ 6, and provided guidance on what disclosure must be provided in the patent specification for performing the claimed functions. The decision is of particular significance because Part II.C.1 of this opinion, regarding the standard for means-plus-function claim limitations, was considered and decided by the Court en banc, with the opinion of the Court being written by Judge Linn. Judge Newman wrote a dissenting opinion regarding Part II.C.1.
Background
Means-plus-function claiming is authorized by 35 U.S.C. § 112 ¶ 6, which provides that an element in a patent claim for a combination may be expressed as a “means” for performing a specified function without the recital of supporting structure, material, or acts, and that such a claim will be construed to cover the corresponding structure, material, or acts described in the specification and equivalents thereof.
In determining whether a claim limitation is to be construed as a means-plus-function limitation under 35 U.S.C. § 112 ¶ 6, the Federal Circuit has long recognized the importance of the presence or absence of the word “means”. The Federal Circuit had previously stated in Personalized Media Communications, LLC v. International Trade Commission, 161 F.3d 696, 703-04 (Fed. Cir. 1998) that the use of the word “means” creates a rebuttable presumption that § 112 ¶ 6 applies, while the absence of the word “means” similarly creates a rebuttable presumption that § 112 ¶ 6 does not apply.
The underlying subject matter of the patent at issue, U.S. Patent No. 6,155,840 (the “’840 patent”), related to methods and systems for conducting “distributed learning” that utilize industry standard computer hardware and software linked to a network to provide a “virtual classroom” environment, allowing one or more presenters to connect with geographically remote audience members. Claim 8 thus was directed to a system for conducting distributed learning that included, among other features, a “distributed learning control module for . . . coordinating the operation” of a “streaming data module.” Notably, the claim did not use the word “means” in its language.
In the situation where a functional claim limitation is lacking the word “means”, the Federal Circuit previously has held that the presumption that § 112 ¶ 6 does not apply can nonetheless be overcome where the claim term fails to “recite[] sufficiently definite structure” or else recites “function without reciting sufficient structure for performing that function.” Watts v. XL Sys., Inc., 232 F.3d 877, 880 (Fed. Cir. 2000).
However, the Federal Circuit has more recently established a heightened burden for overcoming the presumption that § 112 ¶ 6 does not apply to a limitation expressed in functional language that fails to use the word “means.” In Lighting World, Inc. v. Birchwood Lighting, Inc., 382 F.3d 1354, 1358 (Fed. Cir. 2004), the Federal Circuit first applied a different standard, holding that “the presumption flowing from the absence of the term ‘means’ is a strong one that is not readily overcome.” (emphasis added). In Flo Healthcare Solutions, LLC v. Kappos, 697 F.3d 1367, 1374 (Fed. Cir. 2012), the Federal Circuit raised the bar even further, declaring that “[w]hen the claim drafter has not signaled his intent to invoke § 112, ¶ 6 by using the term ‘means,’ we are unwilling to apply that provision without a showing that the limitation essentially is devoid of anything that can be construed as structure.” (emphasis added).
The Williamson Opinion
In the en banc portion of Williamson v. Citrix Online, LLC, the Court overruled that portion of Flo Healthcare requiring “a showing that the limitation essentially is devoid of anything that can be construed as structure.” The Federal Circuit held that such a heightened standard is improper, and additionally expressly overruled the characterization of the rebuttable presumption as “strong” that § 112 ¶ 6 does not apply in the case where a limitation lacks the word “means.” According to the en banc decision, when a claim term lacks the word “means,” the proper standard for overcoming the presumption, that § 112 ¶ 6 does not apply, is whether the claim term fails to “recite sufficiently definite structure” or else “recites function without reciting sufficient structure for performing that function.” The converse presumption remains unaffected, that is, “use of the word ‘means’ creates a presumption that § 112, ¶ 6 applies.” Personalized Media, 161 F.3d at 703.
Applying this new standard, the Federal Circuit construed “distributed learning control module . . .” as a means-plus-function claim limitation governed by 35 U.S.C. § 112 ¶ 6 despite the absence of the word “means,” based on use of the nonce word “module,” finding that neither the term “module” nor the prefix “distributed learning control” imparts structure to the limitation.
Having found the presumption against means-plus-function claiming to have been rebutted, and “distributed learning control module . . .” subject to 35 U.S.C. § 112 ¶ 6, the Federal Circuit next found that the specification did not disclose sufficient corresponding structure to perform the “coordinating function.” Accordingly, the claims at issue were held to be indefinite. According to the Court, the specification of the ’840 patent made clear that the specialized function to be performed by the “distributed learning control module” must be implemented in a “special purpose computer”—which the Court explained was “a general purpose computer programmed to perform particular functions pursuant to instructions from program software.” The Court stated that in cases involving means-plus-function claim limitations subject to § 112 ¶ 6 requiring implementation in a special purpose computer, the specification must disclose an algorithm for performing the claimed function. The Court determined that no such algorithm was disclosed in the specification of the ’840 patent corresponding to the claimed “coordinating function” of the “distributed learning control module”; thus the claims were held to be indefinite.
In his opinion, which concurs in part, dissents in part, and provides additional comments, Judge Reyna concurred with the conclusions that the claim term “distributed learning control module” is governed by § 112 ¶ 6, and indefinite under § 112 ¶ 2. However, Judge Reyna questioned whether the majority opinion sidestepped underlying fundamental issues involving the development of functional claiming law, and suggested the need to revisit the judicially-created § 112 ¶ 6 presumptions.
In a dissent from the en banc ruling, Judge Newman disagreed with elimination of the word “means” as a statutory signal for a means-plus-function claim construction, believing that resorting to nonce words such as “module” is inappropriate to confer “means-plus-function” status. According to Judge Newman, the majority opinion will lead to additional uncertainty, confusion in claim interpretation, litigation, and disincentive to patent-based innovation.